مجله منظر
پیاپی 15 (تابستان 1390)

Persian architects erected a water basin (hoz) in front of the main building in south or pavilion in designing of each Persian garden and house, which of course was insist of central the water basin in the middle of the court and trees. Some believes that this water basin has duty as a mirror to show the main facade of the pavilion for witnesses in Persian architecture. In this case fountain which has been unseparatable content of Persian water basin, has not to be o, because it is damaged the picture which has been seen in the mirror of the water. The history of the Persian architecture reported of water basin in front of most of Persian architecture particularly in pre-Islamic of Persian architecture. This water basin is stayed there for the Anna (An-āhita), one of the most famous of Persian miracles as a holy place which in which she is peragnanced with Mehr. In accordance with the solar reflection to the surface of the water which is always slugged, a mystery dance of lightening and darkness could be presented. In the best place for the water basin location, the south direction of the pavilion in each Persian garden was accepted. In accordance with the Islamic thoughts, at the noon time, is the time of the noon praying which is informed by this method to the Muslims.

Landscape design and propensity to nature are two kinds of approach in naturalistic art of ancient Iran, which comes from our ancestors’ beliefs. The position of real and natural objects is the main idea that links miniature to the fiction world, so they can’t be defined in a real place or time and they are all set in an idealistic way. This paper tries to discuss the presence of nature in Homay and Homayoon figure in the royal garden while assessing the special ways of processing the nature in Iranian painting to impart the holy meaning of nature in pre Islamic era. Hypothesis: The tendency to nature comes out of the ancient Iranian beliefs on the basis of nature elements sanctity. Iranian artists used the elements of nature (holy elements) in an imaginative way by increasing or decreasing the environmental qualities. As a result, Iranian miniature combines the real world to the fiction world by synthesizing the reality and imagination.

Known as a small country in West Europe, Portugal is not famous for its avant-garde and old landscape architecture doctrine (unlike France and Germany), but has found its way and has moved forward in a special landscape architecture language throughout the late decades. As a result, there are numerous architecture companies all over this country which are influencing the world with their unique design. The leading role of the first landscape architecture generation has made its achievement possible in this part of Europe in an influential way. Among all João Nunes and PROAP companies have been the most diligent groups nationally and internationally. João Nunes was born in 1960 in Portugal; he received his landscape architecture degree by the Higher Institute of Agronomy at the Technical University of Lisbon in, afterwards he got a master´s degree in Landscape Architecture at the School of Architecture in 1996. Eventually he completed his studies in Poly technique university of Catalonia. Having founded the PROAP Company alongside other famous companies such as Global, Arpas and Topiaris with 50 years of brilliant reputation, João Nunes is considered among the first landscape architect generation. This generation has introduced new definitions for the landscape architecture carrier in Portugal based on professor Caldra courses, the disciplines of German architecture doctrine and the most importantly the opportunities which were provided by the joining of Portugal to the economic community of Europe. Besides his effort to incorporate the functions to the normal metabolism process, considering architectural aspects, as a movement against the “sheer naturalism” are the most common characteristic seen in his projects. There are three evident points in his projects: firstly; time and landscape. He always tries to show that a landscape project must approach as an organization tool of a series of times, steps and states. The architectural and investigation work directs its efforts toward the interpretation of the place, the recognition of its rules and its working mechanisms and where to base the construction of its approaches and proposals according to which a landscape project must approach as an organization tool of a series of times, steps and states. In this sense, it works integrating a complex group of processes without proposing a rigid and predetermined way of development. It possibly manipulates the metabolic factors of the nature and includes an ideological and artistic meaning. It combines these factors with human factors, economic results or mere wishes and expectations. He emphasizes on the differences between the work of an architect and a landscape architect, which is time. Landscape is more a piece of time than a piece of space. In this sense, it works integrating a complex group of processes without proposing a rigid and predetermined way of development. It possibly manipulates the metabolic factors of the nature and includes an ideological and artistic meaning. It combines these factors with human factors, economic results or mere wishes and expectations. Emphasizing on landscape as a series of symbols that have formed throughout time is the next point. The third point is to emphasize on the differences between the identity of elements and natural materials and the manufactured materials. Putting these contrasts together shows the differences more evidently. The Portuguese architects and companies have experienced worldwide projects because of Portugal entry to Europe union and its consequences. João Nunes and his group has several successful international projects, among them, Tejo and Trancão Park (Lisbon, Portugal), Porto, the cultural capital of Europe(historic renewal) and new light stadium of euro 2004 football matches.

João Nunes introduced his different but alike approaches and works which are all alike in theory through a lecture in June 2011 in Tehran. His latest approaches to landscape architecture in his own projects are all explained in the followings. These projects practically express his ideas and complicated theories in a very simple language. Achieving the aesthetical, functional and environmental responses based on the potentials of the natural context and elements has been the common thread in his projects. The documents have been provided by Atelier of PROAP.

On the September, 2nd, 2011 Manzar magazine arranged an interview with João Nunes through internet and asked him about his theories in landscape, his concepts in his different projects on different contexts around the world. You can read about his most significant concepts and ideas have mentioned in this interview in the following: The most fundamental concepts that make myprojects special is that landscape is a coordinative work in which one of the authors should act humbly and remember that the beginning of landscape has started thousands of years ago. This means we should create a profound context in which nature and skills, chance and logic, success and failure all exist in the same productive possibility. In this case, there is no effort to look for form or function. What we are looking for is the mechanisms that changes the structure and learn how to use them while directing them in a temporary period. As a result, the selfish encounter of the author is weakened that usually leads to creating the objects which are hard to take care of, because they are out of the function. My early work in the nineties gradually showcased that time always was the focal point in landscape dialogue. Projecting landscape means succeeding in interpreting the past and suggesting for the future. A metric, a rhythm, or a way for relating different times together (a sedentary and moving object, gradual and fast growth, temporary and permanent, the scale in our life and other scales, worthy of time and not) And all we have in this case is the existing situation and its offering opportunities. Projecting landscape is projecting different times together. The dialogue power in landscape (I am talking about an architectural dialogue of renovation and proposition, not the conservative and reactionary one, like usual)and mastery, the pure, hard, closed and formalist architecture varies conversely. It has the same relationship to the celebration of vanity, worship of image, futility and superficiality in architectural mechanism. In our opinion, landscape means alteration and variation and working in this field means understanding the dynamics in theses alterations and directing them especially in a conservative way. This doesn’t mean freezing the images but to amplify the force in preserving them. I always believe that writing history is magnificent. The history of the mechanisms that change the world is written through humble and insignificant processes and I believe that landscape is a part in the mechanisms that makes the future. The humble mechanisms which are almost imperceptible lead to the most important and effective results in landscape. Even the most powerful Landscape processes don’t need evident proofs. A mellow but frequent movement repeated for a long period of time can create a beginning for magnificent and appreciative processes.

Designing appropriate places for the comfort of pedestrians is one of the most important aspects of modern urbanization and renovation and rehabilitation stimulus of urban old fabrics. So, that special cities designed for pedestrians with a complete network of streets without cars, can be considered as one of the best habitations in the world. The number of these cities with a network of streets and squares in which beauty, enjoyment and comfort is mostly concerned for the pedestrians designed regions are increasing around the world, such as Stockholm, Copenhagen, Munich, Frankfurt, Venice, Rome, etc. In this paper, we are going to explain the influential factors regarding the efficiency of these cities by identifying one of the most important pedestrian ways of the world; Strøget is a car free zone in Copenhagen, Denmark. This popular tourist attraction in the center of town is the longest pedestrian shopping area in Europe. Analyses indicate that world-wide experience concerning the renovation and rehabilitation of old fabrics has many advantages in exploiting the idea of pedestrian way for regeneration of old fabrics. Transforming the streets to appropriate places for the comfort of pedestrians, expanding the public spaces such as city squares, and decreasing the masses of building alongside the brought comfort and peace is the main reason in the success of Strøget pedestrian street inurban old fabrics of Copenhagen. Hypothesis: The Strøget pedestrian street has been the development stimulus in Copenhagen and the urban old fabrics developmentas a result.

Sustainability of cities depends on several factors which include an efficient and effective transport system. In the past, development of urban transport systems in developed and developing countries have not provided the same consequences for their residents and Cities have not necessarily become sustainable. Sustainable urban transport system should equally provide access, safety, convenient and appropriate mobility to all residents. Realization of these issues for all people with different income is very complicated, difficult and challenging especially for the big cities and Metropolitans. But the experience of many cities in the developed and developing countries show that this issue is achievable by urban design if and only if all the users’ need in the transportations systems could be seen together and should be considered in the design. So the realization of sustainable urban transportation system without considering the needs of all citizens and designing suitable mobility, including motor vehicles and non-motor vehicles such as pedestrian and bicycle is not possible. There are variable Approaches to this issue in developing and developed countries based on the amount of investment, growth of infrastructures and the usage urban transportation technology. Due to air pollution and traffic congestion caused by automobile dominance, without interruption in the city, new attention is being paid to development and expansion of public transportation in most cities in the world. Safe and comfortable access for the pedestrian and bicycle in connection with the transit have been considered again as a basic necessity to the urban designers. The main objective in discussing this subject is to assess the importance of a convenient access to the transit for all users especially those on foot or bicycle. This article has been trying to show that the pedestrian and cyclist are the most vulnerable people of the use of public space and mixed urban traffic. If the urban designers do not take into account the needs of pedestrian and cyclist for safe and convenient access to the transit in their design, it will cause the deterrent behaviour of users and reduction of the use of active transportation. As a result, this can also encourage people to use their private means of transportation. Using constant transits and the resulted decrease in the amount of traffic as well as enhancing high levels of pedestrian walks for people and cyclists not only improves the quality of city access routes but also results in sustainability in the cities. Accentuating the infrastructures of pedestrian routes for people and cyclists can improve the quality of pedestrian access to public transit systems in Tehran. Hypothesis: Certainly, increasing and enhancing the level of pedestrian access to transit not only increases the volume of traffic and reduce use of private cars but also, in the end, will improve the pedestrian facilities in the city which could result in the sustainable of the city

The companionship of city structure and citizens is basically defined as city life. These two are not having the same Longevity as each other. Generations of each, experience a life part of other generation and live in a same time. This means, an age group of humans, live in a same time with a bunch of buildings and city elements which are alive in their age. After a while, the buildings and city elements, go rusty, get old, transform or turn to be having another function. On the other hand residents get replaced by their children or new immigrants. The relationship of these two interactive variables, initiate and improve city life. This relationship class and quality depends on citizen’s decision on this relationship condition and defines Landscape of the city. Many strategies on the relationship condition indicate that in a perfect way, it must have human cognition basis. There have always been controversial debates on "How is the relation between citizens and city structure supposed to be?" in urbanism history. This paper intends to analyze the strategies of decision making on these two variables by research on what happened to High Line Park as case study in Manhattan in New York history. The High Line, an elevated railroad track running up the West Side of Manhattan had stopped working. It was in despair due to exhaustion and inappropriate function but finally opened as a park. Today the elevated railroad track has transformed to a peaceful and quiet open space that inspires the city in an aesthetic view. In fact, the high line park is a unique way in managing and design the landscape that promotes the quality of the sidewalk and brings back life to Manhattan. Hypothesis: The companionship of city structure and buildings as well as citizens and the users of the buildings basically establish the city. Both the building and the people represent different identities in different parts of the city that transform through the time. Therefore, the disputable relationship between these two is occurred due to their interactive identities that are always variable. Indicating the relationship between these elements on the human cognition basis is a key to a successful city and it is considered as the main hypothesis in this paper.

Durability of human survival depends on social activities in life. It is the existence of people in the city that gives meaning to the city. It should have a lot of plural arena for human and social activities as a context for human existence. Therefore, the urban public spaces are the most common properties for inhabitants of a society. One of the public spaces which have plays an important role in the development of social- cultural activities is "walk able street". Pedestrian movements on walk able streets, which are designed on the basis of objective- subjective aspects of urbanism landscape, increase the perception of space, alongside promoting the place identity and dependency impression. By the third millennium, There has been a lot of emphasize and effort to improve the walkability in developing countries. Saba Avenue, in spite of having potentials, is a common case that had not achieved in provided a comfortable pedestrian sidewalk due to lack of consideration to cityscape. This paper tries to analyze and valuate the walk able Saba Street as a public space on the basis of cityscape and landscape studies as well as discussing the "mixed zoning" of the street on the basis of "historic zoning", "functional zoning" and "architectural style zoning" to give solutions to gradation identity and space quality of this walk able street. Social interaction is necessary in the survival of a pedestrian walkway as a public space. Saba Avenue’s sidewalk should be studied once more with emphasize on the cultural and historic background and its relationship to the past and present of Tehran to gain its identity. Hypothesis: Since a pedestrian walkway can define an identity for an environment as a public space, it can affect the quality of life in a great extent. The historical and cultural background of Saba Avenue generates identity for this avenue but strict attention to the structural aspects along the street has deteriorated the landscape role.